tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40673830326788759422024-03-13T05:35:03.307-07:00MICROBIOLOGYPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4067383032678875942.post-9565592056062564462008-11-14T16:58:00.000-08:002008-11-14T16:58:00.821-08:00Volvox video from youtube.com<br />Protistas Volvox Reproduccion.<br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/fqEHbJbuMYA&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/fqEHbJbuMYA&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4067383032678875942.post-79074233921563564092008-11-12T14:57:00.000-08:002008-11-12T14:57:00.207-08:00Amoeba FlamencaAmoeba Flamenca video<br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/27zFvTxhEvU&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/27zFvTxhEvU&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4067383032678875942.post-42877775797412782872008-11-11T21:55:00.000-08:002008-11-11T21:57:16.763-08:00AmebaAmeba movements.<br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZmWIMxW-GkQ&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZmWIMxW-GkQ&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4067383032678875942.post-80551459315647484462008-11-04T00:00:00.000-08:002008-11-04T00:03:01.982-08:00Bio Fertilizer What Is Bio Fertilizer <br /> Ready to use live formulates of beneficial microorganisms which on application to seed, root or soil,<br />• mobilize the availability of nutrients<br />• help build up the micro-flora <br />• Improve the soil health in general <br /> The main sources of biofertilizers are bacteria, fungi, and cynobacteria <br /><br /> Why should we use biofertilizers? <br /> modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs. Thus, <br />• Decrease in the quality of crop products<br />• spoil the soil properties, Osmatic pressure, pH, Conductivity and water holding capacity<br />• Affect adversly on population of micro-organisms and other parameters<br /><br /> Types of Bio Fertilizer<br /> Nitrogen fixers <br /> Convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonium (NH4) or nitrate (NO3) ions which are readily useable by plants <br /> These include Rhizobium, Azatobacter, Azospirillum, Blue Green Algae (BGA) and Azolla <br /> secrete growth promoting substances <br /> Contained in the root nodules or Free living<br /><br /><br /> Nitrogen fixers - Bacteria <br /> Rhizobium<br />• Are soil bacteria that fix <br /> nitrogen after becoming <br /> established inside root nodules <br /> of legumes <br />• They cannot independently fix nitrogen, and requires a plant host<br />• Morphologically they are generally gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods<br /><br /> Nitrogen fixers - Bacteria<br /> Azospirillum <br />• Easy adaptability and limited host specificity<br />• Lives inside the cortical cells and xylem vessels of plant roots<br />• Have ability to fix 25-40 kg N/ha/year <br /><br /> Nitrogen fixers - Bacteria<br /> Azospirillum<br />• Secrete growth promoting substances like gibberellic acid and IAA which enhance root proliferation and growth of crop plants<br /><br /> Nitrogen fixers – Blue Green<br /> Anabaena<br />• genus of filamentous cyanobacteria <br />• they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern <br /> Azolla<br /> They form a symbiotic relationship with the blue-green alga which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient <br /> grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days<br /> 30 – 100 kg N/ha/Year<br /> Yield increases <br /> 20 – 25 % <br /> Phosphorous Solubilizing Bacteria<br /> Solubilize unavailable organic & inorganic forms of phosphorus (80%)<br /> Organic P slowly mineralized by the action of phosphatases<br /> Inorganic P solubilized by the action of organic and inorganic acids<br /> Belonging to the genera bacillus and pseudomonas <br /> Phosphorous Solubilizing Bacteria<br /> Pseudomonas<br />• Gram-negative, <br /> rod-shaped<br /><br />• Produce amino acids and growth promoting substances <br />• Produce About 30 kg P/ha/annum <br /><br /> Nutrients Up Take Enhancing Fungus<br /> Increase water uptake in plant<br /> Increase mineral uptake (especially P, Cu & Zn)<br /> Limits uptake of (Al, As, Ti, <br /> Ba & Cd)<br /> Two types Ectomycorrhizae <br /> and Endomycorrhizae <br /><br /> Nutrients Up Take Enhancing Fungus<br /> Ectomycorrhizae<br />• Form a sheath around the root<br />• Hyphae grow between the spaces in the cortical root cell <br />• No cellular penetration by the hyphae<br />• Members of the <br /> basidomycetes or the<br /> ascomycetes <br /><br /> Nutrients Up Take Enhancing Fungus<br /> Endomycorrhizae<br />• Hyphae form arbuscles (Bulb structure) <br />• Called VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae)<br />• Direct cell to cell <br /> exchange of nutrients<br />• Hyphae grow into <br /> intercellular spaces<br /><br /> Sulphur Solubilizing Microbes<br /> Thiobacillus <br />• They obtain nutrients by oxidizing iron and sulfur with O2 <br /><br /> Sulphur Solubilizing Microbes<br /> Thiobacillus<br />• they require inorganic molecules as an electron donor and inorganic carbon (such as carbon dioxide) as a source<br />• They possess an iron oxidase, which allows them to metabolize metal ions<br /><br /> Enzymatic Biofertilizer<br /> Microorganism having ability to secret enzymes and external enzymes<br /> which on application to seed, root or soil mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological activity <br /> Decomposers<br /><br /> Break down organic waste and dead organisms.<br /> Releases key ions such as nitrates, and other minor nutrients that are not easily accessible for plants<br /> Many Kinds of Bacteria and Fungi assist in this process<br /> Potentials<br /> Cyanobacteria is an economically attractive and ecologically sound alternative to chemical fertilizers<br /> Specially in rice cultivation.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> benefits of using bio fertilizers <br /> Increase crop yield by 20-30%<br /> Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25%<br /> Stimulate plant growth<br /><br /> benefits of using bio fertilizers<br /> Activate the soil biologically<br /> Restore natural soil fertility<br /> Provide protection against drought and some soil borne diseases<br /> Cost effective <br /> Eco-friendly <br /> How biofertilizers are applied to crops <br /> Seed treatment <br />• seeds are treated with nitrogenous biofertilizer and dried in shade. The treated seeds have to be sown as soon as possible <br /> Seedling root dip <br />• Recommended biofertilizers are mixed in this water and the roots of seedlings are dipped for 8-10 hrs <br /> How biofertilizers are applied to crops<br /> Soil treatment <br />• The recommended biofertilizers are mixed in compost and kept overnight. This mixture is incorporated in the soil at the time of sowing or planting <br /> Disadvantages of using Bio Fertilizers<br /> Biofertilizer packets need to be stored in cool and dry place away from direct sunlight and heat. <br /> Right combinations of biofertilizers have to be used<br /> Should use for the specified crop only. (Rhizobium)<br /> Disadvantages of using Bio Fertilizers<br /> Other chemicals should not be mixed with the biofertilizers<br /> Biofertilizers are live product and require care in the storage <br /><br /> Conclusion<br /> One of the major concerns in today's world is the pollution and contamination of soil<br /> The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has caused tremendous harm to the environment<br /> An answer to this is the biofertilizer, an environmentally friendly fertilizer now used in most countriesPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com14